Top Hammer Drill Bits
Maxdrill’s top hammer drill bits made of good-quality materials are applicable to drill the extremely hard rock after heat treatment. It can transmit intensive impact force into rocks and thus reduce the loos of energy.
Whether it is soft rocks, hard rocks or any special stratum, Maxdrill provides you the custom-bespoke solutions of drilling tools that meet all your requirements.
Contact us for more information.
Top Hammer Drilling Tools for Drifting and Tunneling
Bit Diameter: 33mm-45mm
Button bit design: Flat face, drop centre, normal and retrac body.
Tungsten carbide (Buttons): Spherical, ballistic and conical.
Applications: Drifting, tunneling
We have different designs for various rock formations, and a longer service life to decrease use costs for users.
| Button bit | Dimensions D | Flushing hole (mm) | Buttons (mm) | Angle | Class | Part no. | ||||
| mm | in | Front No size | Gauge No size | Front No size | Gauge No size | |||||
| 33 35 38 41 43 45 | 1 5/16 1 3/8 1 1/2 1 5/8 1 11/16 1 3/4 | 1×5 1×5 1×5 1×5 1×5 1×5.5 | 1×5 1×5 2×5 2×5 2×5 2×5.5 | 2×7 2×7 2×7 2×8 2×8 2×9 | 5×7 5×8 5×9 5×9 5×10 5×11 | 30° 30° 30° 30° 30° 30° | H H H H H H | 3033R2507 3035R2507 3038R2507 3041R2507 3043R2507 3045R2507 | |
| 33 41 | 1 5/16 1 5/8 | 2×4.5 2×5.5 | 2×4.5 2×5 | 2×7 2×8 | 6×7 6×9 | 30° 30° | S S | 3033R2508 3041R2508 | |
| 38 | 1 1/2 | 2×5 | 2×5 | 2×8 | 6×8 | 30° | S | 3038R25F08 | |
| 43 45 | 1 11/16 1 3/4 | 3×5 3×5 | - 1×5 | 3×8 3×8 | 6×9 6×10 | 30° 30° | M M | 3043R2509 3045R2509 | |
| Reaming tools | ||||||||||
| Pilot bit 6°taper | 40 | 1 37/64 | 2×5 | 2×5.5 | 2×8 | 4×9 | 30° | - | 3040R2506KP | |
| Reaming bit 6°taper | 76 | 3 | - | - | - | 8×11 | 35° | - | 3076R2508KR | |
Top Hammer Drilling Tools for Drifting and Tunneling
Bit Diameter: 38mm-45mm
Button bit design: Flat face, drop center, normal and retrac body.
Tungsten carbide (Buttons): Spherical, ballistic and conical.
Applications: Drifting, tunneling
We have different designs for various rock formations, and a longer service life to decrease use costs for users.
| Button bit | Dimensions D | Flushing hole (mm) | Buttons (mm) | Angle | Class | Part no. | |||
| mm | in | Front No size | Gauge No size | Front No size | Gauge No size | ||||
| 38 41 43 45 | 1 1/2 1 5/8 1 11/16 1 3/4 | 1×5 1×5 1×5 1×5 | 2×5 2×5 2×5 2×5 | 2×7 2×8 2×8 2×9 | 5×9 5×9 5×10 5×11 | 30° 30° 30° 30° | H H H H | 3038R2807 3041R2807 3043R2807 3045R2807 |
| 41 | 1 5/8 | 2×5.5 | 2×5 | 2×8 | 6×9 | 30° | S | 3041R2808 |
| 43 45 | 1 11/16 1 3/4 | 3×5 3×5 | - 1×5 | 3×8 3×8 | 6×9 6×10 | 30° 30° | M M | 3043R2809 3045R2809 |
| Reaming tools | |||||||||
| Pilot bit 6° taper | 40 | 1 37/64 | 2×5 | 2×5.5 | 2×8 | 4×9 | 30° | - | 3040R2806KP |
| Reaming bit 6° taper | 76 | 3 | - | - | - | 8×11 | 35° | - | 3076R2808KR |
| Dome bit | 76 | 3 | 2×9 | 2×7 | 1×11 | 14×11 | 35° | - | 3076R2815KD |
Top Hammer Drilling Tools for Drifting and Tunneling
Bit Diameter: 43mm-76mm
Button bit design: Flat face, drop center, normal and retrac body.
Tungsten carbide (Buttons): Spherical, ballistic and conical.
Applications: Drifting, tunneling
We have different designs for various rock formations, and a longer service life to decrease use costs for users.
| Button bit | Dimensions D | Flushing hole (mm) | Buttons (mm) | Angle | Class | Part no. | ||||
| mm | in | Front No size | Gauge No size | Front No size | Gauge No size | |||||
| 45 48 51 | 1 3/4 1 7/8 2 | 1×5.5 2×6 2×6 | 2×5.5 1×5 1×5.5 | 2×9 2×9 2×10 | 5×11 5×11 5×11 | 30° 30° 30° | H H H | 3045R3207 3048R3207 3051R3207 | |
| 43 45 48 | 1 11/16 1 3/4 1 7/8 | 2×5 2×5 2×5.5 | 2×5 2×5 2×5 | 2×8 2×9 2×9 | 6×9 6×10 6×10 | 30° 30° 30° | S S S | 3043R3208 3045R3208 3048R3208 | ||
| 43 45 48 54 | 1 11/16 1 3/4 1 7/8 2 1/8 | 3×4 3×5 3×5 3×6 | 2×5 1×5 1×5 1×5.5 | 3×8 3×8 3×9 3×10 | 6×10 6×10 6×10 6×11 | 30° 30° 30° 35° | M M M M | 3043R3209 3045R3209 3048R3209 3054R3209 | ||
| 45 48 51 54 57 | 1 3/4 1 7/8 2 2 1/8 2 1/4 | 3×5 3×5 3×5.5 3×6 3×6 | 1×5 1×5 1×5.5 1×5.5 1×6 | 3×8 3×9 3×9 3×10 3×10 | 6×10 6×10 6×10 6×11 6×11 | 30° 30° 35° 35° 35° | M M M M M | 3045R32F09 3048R32F09 3051R32F09 3054R32F09 3057R32F09 | ||
| 64 | 2 1/2 | 3×7 | 1×6 | 4×10 | 6×11 | 35° | M | 3064R3210D | ||
| 64 | 2 1/2 | 3×7 | 1×6 | 3×11 | 6×12 | 35° | H | 3064R32F09 | ||
| 76 | 3 | 2×9 | 2×7 | 6×10 | 8×11 | 35° | H | 3076R32F14 | ||
| 51 | 2 | 3×5 | 1×6 | 3×9 | 6×10 | 30° | M | 3051R32F09R | ||
| 54 57 | 2 1/8 2 1/4 | 3×6 3×6 | 1×5.5 1×6 | 3×10 3×10 | 6×11 6×11 | 35° 35° | M M | 3054R32F09 3057R32F09 | ||
| 64 | 2 1/2 | 3×7 | 1×6 | 4×10 | 6×11 | 35° | M | 3064R3210DR | ||
| 64 | 2 1/2 | 3×7 | 1×6 | 3×11 | 6×12 | 35° | H | 3064R32F09R | ||
| Reaming tools | ||||||||||
| Pilot bit 12° taper | 41 | 1 5/8 | 2×5 | 2×5.5 | 2×8 | 4×9 | 30° | - | 3041R3206KP | |
| Reaming bit 12° taper | 89 102 | 3 1/2 4 | - - | - - | 4×10 4×12 | 8×11 8×12 | 35° 35° | - - | 3089R3212KR 30102R3212KR | |
| Dome bit | 76 89 102 | 3 3 1/2 4 | 2×9 2×9 2×9 | 2×7 2×8 2×9 | 1×11 1×12 1×12 | 14×11 14×12 14×12 | 35° 35° 35° | - - - | 3076R3215KD 3089R3215KD 30102R3215KD | |
Top Hammer Drilling Tools for Drifting and Tunneling
Bit Diameter: 48mm-57mm
Button bit design: Flat face, drop center, normal and retrac body.
Tungsten carbide (Buttons): Spherical, ballistic and conical.
Applications: Drifting, tunneling
We have different designs for various rock formations, and a longer service life to decrease use costs for users.
| Button bit | Dimensions D | Flushing hole (mm) | Buttons (mm) | Angle | Class | Part no. | |||
| mm | in | Front No size | Gauge No size | Front No size | Gauge No size | ||||
| 48 51 | 1 7/8 2 | 1×5.5 2×6 | 2×5.5 1×5 | 2×9 2×9 | 5×11 5×11 | 30° 30° | H H | 3048R3507 3051R3507 | |
| 48 51 54 57 | 1 7/8 2 2 1/8 2 1/4 | 3×5 3×5.5 3×6 3×7 | 1×5 1×5.5 1×6 1×6 | 3×9 3×9 3×10 3×10 | 6×10 6×10 6×11 6×11 | 30° 35° 35° 35° | M M M M | 3048R35F09 3051R35F09 3054R35F09 3057R35F09 | |
| 54 57 | 2 1/8 2 1/4 | 3×6 3×6 | 1×5.5 1×6 | 3×10 3×10 | 6×11 6×11 | 35° 35° | M M | 3054R3509R 3057R3509R | |
| Reaming tools | |||||||||
| Pilot bit 12° taper | 41 | 1 5/8 | 2×5 | 2×5.5 | 2×8 | 4×9 | 30° | - | 3041R3506KP |
| Reaming bit 12° taper | 89 102 | 3 1/2 4 | - - | - - | 4×10 4×10 | 8×11 8×11 | 35° 35° | - - | 3089R3512KR 30102R3512KR |
| Dome bit | 76 89 102 | 3 3 1/2 4 | 2×9 2×9 2×9 | 2×7 2×8 2×9 | 1×11 1×12 1×12 | 14×11 14×12 14×12 | 35° 35° 35° | - - - | 3076R3515KD 3089R3515KD 30102R3515KD |
Top Hammer Drilling Tools for Drifting & tunneling
Bit Diameter: 43mm-48mm
Button bit design: Flat face, drop center, normal and retrac body.
Tungsten carbide (Buttons): Spherical, ballistic and conical.
Applications: Drifting, tunneling
We have different designs for various rock formations, and a longer service life to decrease use costs for users.
| Button bit | Dimensions D | Flushing hole (mm) | Buttons(mm) | Angle | Product No. | Part No. | ||||
| mm | in | Front No size | Gauge No size | Front No size | Gauge No size | |||||
| 43 | 1 11/16 | 3×4 | 1×5 | 3×8 | 6×9 | 30° | 3-33-043-51-0-02 | 3043TR3509 | ||
| 45 | 1 3/4 | 3×5 | 2×5 | 3×8 | 6×9 | 35° | 3-33-045-51-1-02 | 3045TR35F09 | ||
| 45 | 1 3/4 | 3×5 | 1×5 | 3×8 | 6×10 | 35° | 3-33-045-51-1-03 | 3045TR35F09-1 | ||
| 45 | 1 3/4 | 3×5 | 3×5 | 3×8 | 6×10 | 30° | 3-33-045-51-1-04 | 3045TR35F09-2 | ||
| 48 | 1 7/8 | 3×5 | 3×5 | 3×9 | 6×10 | 35° | 3-33-048-51-1-01 | 3048TR3509 | ||
| 48 | 1 7/8 | 3×5 | 1×5.5 | 3×9 | 6×10 | 35° | 3-33-048-54-1-01 | 3048TR35F09R | ||
| 48 | 1 7/8 | 3×5 | - | 3×9 | 6×10 | 35° | 3-33-048-57-1-01 | 3048TR35F09R-1 | ||
| Reaming tools | ||||||||||
| 102 | 4 | 2×9 | 2×9 | 1×10 | 14×12 | 30° | 3-33-102-60-1-02 | 3048TR35F09R-1 | ||
| 102 | 4 | 2×12 | 2×9 | 4×10 | 14×12 | 30° | 3-33-102-61-1-01 | 30102TR3518KC | ||
| 102 | 4 | 2×12 | 2×9 | 4×10 | 14×12 | 35° | 3-33-102-61-1-03 | 30102TR3518KC-1 | ||
| 102 | 4 | 2×12 | 2×9 | - | 14×12 | 30° | 3-33-102-61-1-02 | 30102TR3514KC | ||
Top Hammer Drilling Tools for Bench Drilling
Bit Diameter: 64mm-89mm
Button bit design: Flat face, drop center, normal and retrac body.
Tungsten carbide (Buttons): Spherical, ballistic and conical.
Applications: Bench
We have different designs for various rock formations, and a longer service life to decrease use costs for users.
| Button bit | Dimensions D | Flushing hole (mm) | Buttons (mm) | Angle | Class | Part no. | |||
| mm | in | Front No size | Gauge No size | Front No size | Gauge No size | ||||
| 64 | 2 1/2 | 3×7 | 1×6 | 4×10 | 6×11 | 35° | M | 3064T3810D | |
| 64 | 2 1/2 | 3×7 | 1×6 | 3×11 | 6×12 | 35° | H | 3064T38F09 | |
| 64 70 76 89 | 2 1/2 2 3/4 3 3 1/2 | 2×9 2×8 2×8 2×13 | - 2×6 2×7 2×8 | 4×10 4×11 4×11 5×12 | 8×10 8×11 8×12 8×13 | 35° 35° 35° 35° | H H H H | 3064T3812 3070T3812 3076T3812 3089T3813 | |
| 76 | 3 | 2×10 | 2×7 | 4×11 | 8×12 | 35° | M | 3076T38F12 | |
| 70 76 | 2 3/4 3 | 4×8 4×8 | - - | 5×10 5×11 | 8×11 8×12 | 30° 35° | M M | 3070T3813D 3076T3813D | |
| 89 | 3 1/2 | 4×19 | - | 6×12 | 8×13 | 35° | M | 3089T3814D | |
| 64 | 2 1/2 | 3×7 | 1×6 | 3×11 | 6×12 | 35° | M | 3064T38F09R | |
| 64 70 76 | 2 1/2 2 3/4 3 | 2×9 2×8 2×9 | 2×6 2×6 2×7 | 4×10 4×11 4×12 | 8×10 8×11 8×12 | 30° 35° 35° | M H H | 3064T3812R 3070T3812R 3076T3812R | |
| 89 | 3 1/2 | 2×11 | 2×8 | 6×12 | 8×13 | 35° | H | 3089T38F14R | |
| 64 | 2 1/2 | 3×7 | 1×6 | 4×10 | 6×11 | 35° | M | 3064T3810DR | |
| 70 76 89 | 2 3/4 3 3 1/2 | 4×8 4×8 4×10 | - - - | 5×10 5×11 6×12 | 8×11 8×12 8×13 | 30° 35° 35° | M M M | 3070T3813DR 3076T3813DR 3089T3814DR | |
| 64 76 | 2 1/2 3 | 2×7 2×8 | 1×7 2×8 | - - | - - | - - | - - | 3264T38 3276T38 | |
| Reaming tools | |||||||||
| 89 102 | 3 1/2 5 | 2×9 2×9 | 2×8 2×9 | 1×12 1×12 | 14×12 14×12 | 35° 35° | - - | 3089T3815KD 30102T3815KD | |
| 127 | 5 | 4×8 | 2×9 | 1×14 | 16×14 | 35° | - | 30127T3817KD | |
| 127 | 5 | 2×13 | 2×11 | 10×13 | 8×14 | 35° | - | 30127T3818KC | |
Top Hammer Drilling Tools for Bench Drilling
Bit Diameter: 70mm-115mm
Button bit design: Flat face, drop centre, normal and retrac body.
Tungsten carbide (Buttons): Spherical, ballistic and conical.
Applications: Bench
We have different designs for various rock formations, and a longer service life to decrease use costs for users.
| Button bit | Dimensions D | Flushing hole (mm) | Buttons (mm) | Angle | Class | Part no. | ||||
| mm | in | Front No size | Gauge No size | Front No size | Gauge No size | |||||
| 70 76 89 102 | 2 3/4 3 3 1/2 4 | 2×8 2×9 2×13 2×13 | 2×6 2×7 2×8 - | 4×11 4×11 5×12 6×13 | 8×11 8×12 8×14 8×14 | 35° 35° 35° 35° | H H H H | 3070T4512 3076T4512 3089T4513 30102T4514 | ||
| 115 | 4 1/2 | 4×13 | - | 6×14 | 8×16 | 35° | H | 30115T45F14 | ||
| 70 76 | 2 3/4 3 | 4×8 4×8 | - - | 5×10 5×11 | 8×11 8×12 | 35° 35° | M M | 3070T4513D 3076T4513D | ||
| 89 102 115 | 3 1/2 4 4 1/2 | 4×9 4×11 4×13 | - - - | 6×12 6×13 6×14 | 8×14 8×14 8×16 | 35° 35° 35° | M M M | 3089T4514D 30102T4514D 20115T4514D | ||
| 70 76 | 2 3/4 3 | 2×8 2×9 | 2×6 2×7 | 4×11 4×12 | 8×11 8×12 | 35° 35° | H H | 3070T4512R 3076T4512R | ||
| 89 102 115 | 3 1/2 4 4 1/2 | 2×11 4×11 4×13 | 2×8 - - | 6×12 6×13 6×14 | 8×14 8×14 8×16 | 35° 35° 35° | H H H | 3089T45F14R 30102T45F14R 30115T45F14R | ||
| 76 89 102 115 | 3 3 1/2 4 4 1/2 | 4×8 4×10 4×11 4×13 | - - - - | 5×11 6×12 6×13 6×14 | 8×12 8×14 8×14 8×16 | 35° 35° 35° 35° | M M M M | 3076T4514DR 3089T4514DR 30102T4514DR 30115T4514DR | ||
| Cross bit | ||||||||||
| 76 89 | 3 3 1/2 | 1×8 1×9 | 2×8 2×9 | - - | - - | - - | - - | 3276T45 3289T45 | ||
| Reaming tools | ||||||||||
| Dome bit | 127 | 5 | 4×8 | 2×9 | 1×14 | 16×14 | 35° | - | 30127T4517KD | |
| Cut holes / Dome bit | 127 | 5 | 2×13 | 2×11 | 10×13 | 8×14 | 35° | - | 30127T4518KC | |
Top Hammer Drilling Tools for Bench Drilling
Bit Diameter: 89mm-127mm
Button bit design: Flat face, drop center, normal and retrac body.
Tungsten carbide (Buttons): Spherical, ballistic and conical.
Applications: Bench
We have different designs for various rock formations, and a longer service life to decrease use costs for users.
| Button bit | Dimensions D | Flushing hole (mm) | Buttons (mm) | Angle | Class | Part no. | ||||
| mm | in | Front No size | Gauge No size | Front No size | Gauge No size | |||||
| 89 102 | 3 1/2 4 | 2×12 2×14 | 2×7 - | 6×12 6×13 | 8×14 8×14 | 35° 35° | H H | 3089T5114 30102T5114 | ||
| 115 | 4 1/2 | 4×13 | - | 6×14 | 8×16 | 35° | H | 30115T51F14 | ||
| 89 102 | 3 1/2 4 | 4×10 4×11 | - - | 6×12 6×13 | 8×14 8×14 | 35° 35° | M M | 3089T5114D 30112T5114D | ||
| 115 | 4 1/2 | 4×13 | - | 6×14 | 8×16 | 35° | M | 30115T5114D | ||
| 127 | 5 | 3×13 | - | 10×14 | 9×16 | 35° | H | 30127T5119 | ||
| 127 | 5 | 3×13 | - | 9×14 | 9×14 | 35° | M | 30127T5118D | ||
| 127 | 5 | 3×13 | - | 9×14 | 9×16 | 35° | H | 30127T5118R | ||
| 89 102 115 | 3 1/2 4 4 1/2 | 2×11 4×11 4×13 | 2×8 - - | 6×12 6×13 6×14 | 8×14 8×14 8×16 | 35° 35° 35° | H H H | 3089T51F14R 30102T51F14R 30115T51F14R | ||
| 89 102 115 | 3 1/2 4 4 1/2 | 4×10 4×11 4×13 | - - - | 6×12 6×13 6×14 | 8×14 8×14 8×16 | 35° 35° 35° | M M M | 3089T5114DR 30102T5114DR 30115T5114DR | ||
| 127 | 5 | 3×13 | - | 9×14 | 9×14 | 35° | M | 30127T5118DR | ||
| Reaming tools/ Dome bit | ||||||||||
| 152 | 6 | 5×10 | 2×10 | 2×14 | 20×14 | 35° | - | 30152T5122KD | ||
Top Hammer Drilling Tools for Bench Drilling
Bit Diameter: 89mm-102mm
Button bit design: Flat face, drop center, normal and retrac body.
Tungsten carbide (Buttons): Spherical, ballistic and conical.
Applications: Bench
We have different designs for various rock formations, and a longer service life to decrease use costs for users.
| Button bit | Dimensions D | Flushing hole (mm) | Buttons (mm) | Angle | Class | Part no. | |||
| mm | in | Front No size | Gauge No size | Front No size | Gauge No size | ||||
| 89 102 | 3 1/2 4 | 4×10 4×11 | - - | 6×12 6×12 | 8×14 8×14 | 35° 35° | M M | 3089ST5814D 30102ST5814D | |
| 89 102 | 3 1/2 4 | 2×14 2×15 | - - | 6×12 6×13 | 8×14 8×14 | 35° 35° | H H | 3089ST5814 30102ST5814 | |
| 89 102 | 3 1/2 4 | 2×11 2×12 | 2×9 2×9 | 6×12 6×12 | 8×14 8×14 | 35° 35° | H H | 3089ST58F14R 30102ST58F14R | |
| 89 102 | 3 1/2 4 | 4×10 4×11 | - - | 6×12 6×12 | 8×14 8×14 | 35° 35° | M M | 3089ST5814DR 30102ST5814DR | |
Top Hammer Drilling Tools for Bench Drilling
Bit Diameter: 92mm-127mm
Button bit design: Flat face, drop center, normal and retrac body.
Tungsten carbide (Buttons): Spherical, ballistic and conical.
Applications: Bench
We have different designs for various rock formations, and a longer service life to decrease use costs for users.
| Button bit | Dimensions D | Flushing hole (mm) | Buttons (mm) | Angle | Class | Part no. | |||
| mm | in | Front No size | Gauge No size | Front No size | Gauge No size | ||||
| 102 | 4 | 4×11 | - | 6×13 | 8×14 | 35° | H | 30102T6014D | |
| 115 | 4 1/2 | 3×13 | - | 7×14 | 9×16 | 35° | H | 30115T6016D | |
| 92 115 | 3 5/8 4 1/2 | 3×11 3×13 | - - | 6×12 6×14 | 9×12 9×16 | 35° 35° | H H | 3092T60F15 30115T60F15 | |
| 127 | 5 | 3×14 | - | 9×14 | 9×16 | 35° | H | 30127T6018D | |
| 127 | 5 | 3×14 | - | 10×14 | 9×16 | 35° | H | 30127T6019 | |
| 102 | 4 | 4×11 | - | 6×13 | 8×14 | 35° | H | 301027T6014DR | |
| 115 | 4 1/2 | 3×13 | - | 7×14 | 9×16 | 35° | H | 301157T6016DR | |
| 92 115 | 3 5/8 4 1/2 | 3×11 3×13 | - - | 6×12 6×14 | 9×12 9×16 | 35° 35° | H H | 3092T60F15R 30115T60F15R | |
| 127 | 5 | 3×14 | - | 9×14 | 9×16 | 35° | H | 30127T6018DR | |
| 127 | 5 | 3×14 | - | 10×14 | 9×16 | 35° | H | 30127T6019DR | |
Top Hammer Drilling Tools for Bench Drilling
Bit Diameter: 102mm-127mm
Button bit design: Flat face, drop center, normal and retrac body
Tungsten carbide (Buttons): Spherical, ballistic and conical.
Applications: Bench
We have different designs for various rock formations, and a longer service life to decrease use costs for users.
| Button bit | Dimensions (D) | Flushing hole (mm) | Buttons (mm) | Angle | Class | Part no. | |||
| mm | inch | Front No size | Gauge No size | Front No size | Gauge No size | ||||
| 102 115 127 | 4 4 1/2 5 | 4×11 3×13 3×14 | - - - | 6×12 6×13 6×13 | 8×14 8×16 8×16 | 35° 35° 35° | H H H | 30102MT60F14R 30115MT60F14R 30127MT60F14R | |
| 102 115 127 | 4 4 1/2 5 | 4×11 3×13 3×14 | - - - | 7×12 7×13 7×13 | 8×14 8×16 8×16 | 35° 35° 35° | H H H | 30102MT6015DR 30115MT6015DR 30127MT6015DR | |
Top Hammer Drilling Tools for Bench Drilling
Bit Diameter: 102mm-127mm
Button bit design: Flat face, drop center, normal and retrac body.
Tungsten carbide (Buttons): Spherical, ballistic and conical.
Applications: Bench
We have different designs for various rock formations, and a longer service life to decrease use costs for users.
